Herbal Teas

In France and Germany, infusions are twice as popular as black and green tea. Not quite so in the UK though, where in 2020, sales of black and green tea were over 20 times that of herbal and fruit infusions. We actually drank about twice as much black and green tea as France, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands combined.

Globally, black tea is still way ahead in sales, but its growth is in decline, and more potential is seen to be in fruit and herbal teas. The chief executive of the multinational Unilever, in the build up to their decision to move away from teas, said “Two-thirds of our [tea] business is in black tea. . . and for a decade it’s been a drag on Unilever’s growth”.

Even Unilever, who used to own PG Tips, found that tea was not creating enough profit for them to want to keep it. It sold its Lipton and Pukka brands in 2022. The new parent, CVC Capital Partners, is a private equity firm, which makes investments for some of the most criticised banks including Barclays and HSBC, and has its headquarters in a tax haven.

If that makes you want to reach for a calming chamomile, don’t worry, we’ll tell you where you can buy ethical and eco-friendly herb teas. The guide also looks at which brands are certified organic, or are otherwise most transparent about where and how they source their herbs.

What is a herbal tea?

Herbal teas, more accurately known as infusions, are made from fruits, flowers or leaves - they are not strictly ‘teas’ as they are not from the ‘tea’ plant. Most herbal teas are drunk with hot water alone, but rooibos tea is often drunk with milk.

Some come as a single ingredient, others are blends. Some blends may actually contain unexpected ingredients such as black or green tea, sugar, honey or dairy products so do read the packet.

And if you’re choosing herbal tea to avoid caffeine, you should be aware that Yerba Mate contains about twice as much caffeine as black tea, although about half that of coffee.

How to avoid plastic in your tea – go loose!

The easiest way to avoid plastic in teabags, is to avoid teabags altogether by using loose tea infusions.

Loose herbal or fruit teas are available from many brands, including some of the top scorers on our score table.

Or you may be able to find a local project sustainably growing or harvesting loose herbs, and at the same time support the local economy and community too. The best example we found was Hackney Herbals in London, which creates some beautiful varieties such as Pick Me Up, mixing golden marigold petals with elderflower and lemon verbena.

Or you might want to follow the guidance from Grass Roots Remedies for how to grow or gather your own ingredients. (See 'Making your own herbal teas' below.)

When you get to brewing loose tea, there are various types of strainers you can use, but basket infusers are easiest if you’re making just a cup at a time. Herbal tea flavours are not always strong, some can be subtle, but you can usually get a stronger flavour with a longer brew.

Of the brands which scored green (12 or above), the following sold loose fruit/herb teas

As a general rule, classic teabags sealed round the edges, or pyramid teabags, use plastic or PLA (plant-based plastic that can be disposed of in council food waste bin but won’t degrade in home compost). Teabags with a string and tag are usually cleverly folded and probably don’t use a sealant, but have a look at the edges. Most tea company websites now state how their teabags are sealed.

Choose ‘string and tag’ plastic free teabags

Infusions from the following brands use plastic-free teabags:

• Dragonfly organic
• Dr Stuart
• Essential Trading
• Greenypeeps
• Hambleden Herbs
• Hampstead Tea
• Heath & Heather
• Higher Living
• Pukka
• Teapigs
• Yogi Tea

Teabags using PLA

Bags from the following brands used PLA:

• Pyramid teabags from Dragonfly, Greenypeeps and Twinings.
• Square teabags from Clipper, Eleven O’Clock, Floradix, Good Earth, and Tick Tock.
• Tetley and Typhoo brands were making moves towards PLA but were not there yet. Thompson’s and Twinings seemed to be lagging.
   

Do herbal teas have health benefits?

Many people drink herbal tea just because they like it. But a lot of the ingredients have also been used as traditional medicinal remedies.

Many people know chamomile as calming, and peppermint or fennel can be used to aid digestion. Some people use nettle tea for hay fever.

THIE, the European association representing the interests of producers and traders of tea, says on its website that

“the claims proposed for botanical products like tea and herbal infusions have yet to be evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority because the European Commission and the Member States could not agree on a procedure for the evaluation of such claims. THIE has submitted a large list of claims referring to the beneficial properties of tea and herbal infusions together with the substantiating evidence. It is most regrettable that no real progress has been made by the authorities for more than 10 years now. This restricts the possibilities to highlight the beneficial properties of teas and herbal infusions.”

Organic fruit and herb teas

There are lots of certified organic herbal teas out there, as shown by the [O] after brands on our score table. These all gained a positive Product Sustainability mark, as the organic growing methods maintain soil health, and manage pests and diseases through natural resources like manure or compost, rather than synthetic fertilisers and pesticides. Organic growing therefore protects growers and the environment from pesticide-related ill health, reduces dependence on fossil fuel based fertilisers, and aims to strengthen the ecosystem for the long term.

Small companies seen as offering an environmental alternative through providing only or mostly organic products were given a best rating for Environmental Reporting. This applied to:

• Hampstead Tea
• Hambleden Herbs
• Steenbergs
• Tea Times: Dragonfly (organic), Eleven O’Clock (Rainforest Alliance certified) and Tick Tock (some organic)
• Only Natural: Higher Living (organic), Dr Stuart’s (some are now organic)

Postcard Teas also received a best Environmental Reporting rating, as although it wasn’t certified it stated, "Nearly all the small tea farms we know and work with farm without unsustainable oil based agrochemicals. Many small tea producers also have a form of polyculture, growing a diversity of crops and fruits for themselves to eat as well as to sell. This is important as this plant diversity encourages more biodiversity including the animals that feed on the tea plant’s pests so it can boost the farm’s yield and quality without resorting to pesticide use."

Are fruit and herb teas ethically sourced?

Most of the companies actually say very little on their websites about where or how they source the ingredients for their herbal teas. They are more likely to discuss the sourcing of black tea products, or coffee – two ingredients which have had far more attention.

Postcard Teas were the most transparent about where they sourced ingredients, giving the location and name of all the growers.

Steenbergs also gave a bit of detail of its concerns over ensuring suppliers and their workers had a fair wage, as well as decent levels of sanitation, power and education.

Dragonfly stated that it dealt directly with farmers wherever possible, to support small-scale production and artisanal tea making techniques.

Floradix stated that the majority of raw materials came from certified organic cultivation mainly in Germany and Europe, but occasionally also further afield e.g. South America.

Essential Trading emailed to say that most of the herbs are Fairtrade, Fair for Life or FairWild certified.

The other top scorers only had general information as follows:

Hampstead Tea - “All our loose leaf teas come from ethical and organic/biodynamic estates”

Hambleden Herbs - “we continue to use some of the same suppliers that we did 30 years ago”

Thompson's - “We take great care to source our teas and herbs from the finest producers in the world, and from growers who share our ideals in treating workers fairly, and giving regard to proper wages, healthcare and education.” However it also mentioned using brokers and that tea can also be purchased through auction.

Tick Tock - “Trading thoughtfully with all of our tea suppliers is a given, with relationships based on trust and respect going back decades.”

Eleven O’Clock - “Grown organically on Rainforest Alliance Certified™ farms“

Higher Living / Dr Stuart’s – no information found, although they were mostly certified organic

Herbal teas in supermarkets

Supermarkets may have own-brand herbal teas. We haven’t included them on our table but you can see our supermarkets guide for how they fared. Many of the brands on our table are more likely to be found in health shops (or online), with only some being widely found in supermarkets, none of which we would happily recommend.

Twinings herbal teas may be the most widely available, but are part of the Associated British Foods group with its £13bn turnover, which includes Allied Bakeries and British Sugar, and also Primark. British Sugar have successfully lobbied the UK government to authorise the use of a bee-harming pesticide, containing the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam.

Greenwashing teas?

Some brands that appear 'ethical' are owned by large multinational companies with less ethical backgrounds. We highlight three of these brands, which you're likely see in supermarkets and elsewhere, as this helps to explain the low scores these brands receive in our table.

Teapigs and Good Earth are mainstream brands, owned by the multinational Tata brand, despite their alternative looking packaging. Tata owns Jaguar Land Rover as well as an airline company, and manufactures military vehicles including some it supplies to the oppressive regime in Myanmar, gaining it a place on the Burma ‘Dirty List’.

Pukka is widely available, particularly after it was bought by Unilever in 2020. If you focus on just Pukka, it has been a FairWild registered brand since 2012, a standard for sustainable wild harvesting and equitable fair trade. As a brand on its own, it may be the best option of those available in supermarkets. Unilever sold Pukka (and its other brands like Liptons and PG Tips) in 2022 to private equity firm CVC Capital Partners. Although this increased its score by two points in our ethical score table, CVC’s approach to ethics across its portfolio does not appear to be hugely better than Unilever’s, for example, it is headquartered in Luxembourg, a jurisdiction considered by Ethical Consumer to be a tax haven. And at the time of the sale, Unite the union, which represents workers at Unilever’s PG Tips factory in Manchester, expressed concern about the sale to private equity.